You can find the story of Bhasmasura in the Bhagvat Puran. But, another version of the same story exist in the Ganesh Puran as well.
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Many many years ago, there was an asura (demon) whose name was Vrik. He was not only very strong, but also very ambitious. One day, Narada muni was going somewhere when he came across Vrikasura on his way. Praising Vrikasura for his strength, Narada muni told him to worship any of the the tridevas for boon to fulfil his dream of winning over the three lokas (swarga, martya and patal). Vrik loved the idea a lot and decided to worship Lord Shiva as it was comparatively easy to please him.
So, he went to Kedarnath and started tapasya (worship) to please Shiva. He observed severe penance for many days without any result. Hence he decided to follow a harsh way to satisfy the great Lord. He started to cut his own body parts one by one in the name of Shiva. At last, when he was about to cut his head, Shiva appeared in front of Vrik along with his consort Devi Parvati. Shiva was very pleased and healed Vrikasura immediately. Shiva was ready to fulfil any wish of his ardent follower.
Vrikasura was waiting for the moment and he asked Shiva to grant him a boon. He wished that with the touch of his index finger on head, anyone should burn to death and turn into ashes immediately. Without realising its significance, Shiva fulfilled the wish and Vrik henceforth came to be known as Bhasmasura (the demon who could make anyone ash). Vrik's dream came true. He looked at Devi Parvati and thought to win her after killing Lord Shiva with his power. Hence he jumped towards Shiva to touch his head. Realising his mistake, Shiva started to run and Vrikasura chased him.
Wherever Shiva went, Vrikasura followed him. All of the gods were scared as Mahadev (the great god) himself was fleeing for his own life. Finding no other shelter, Shiva went to Vaikuntha lok (heavenly adobe of Lord Vishnu) and prayed to Lord Vishnu to save him somehow. By that time, Bhasmasura also reached there.
Lord Vishnu then appeared in front of Vrik as a young monk (Brahmachari). He pretended that he knew nothing and asked Bhasmasura why he had come to Vaikuntha lok. As Bhasmasura told him about his power of killing anyone with a single touch, the Brahmachari began to laugh loudly. He told Bhasmasura that he was made a fool by the Shiva as Shiva had no such power to fulfil anyone's wish. Shiva was nothing but a fake and addicted to bhang (cannabis). He had given boons of invincibility to many asuras before and all of them died. He also told Bhasmasura that Shiva fled not because of his fear but to save himself from embarrassment. Brahmachari was so confident and convincing that Bhasmasura also began to doubt Shiva. Understanding his confusion, Brahmachari asked Bhasmasura to satisfy his doubts by touching his own head. As soon Bhasmasura touched his head with his own finger, he burned to death and turned into ash. Shiva and all other devas were relieved by the demise of the demon and thanked Lord Vishnu.
There is another version of the same story where in stead of being a Brahmachari, Lord Vishnu appeared as Mohini (an enchanting woman with boundless beauty and youth). Bhasmasura was smitten with the look of Mohini and expressed his wish to have her. Mohini apparently agreed on one condition. She told Bhasmasura that as she was an apsara (divine dancer), Bhasmasura had to learn dance to get her. As Bhasmasura didn't know anything about dance, Mohini started to train him. After a few days, Mohini showed him a move where one needed to touch own head with index finger. Unconsciously Bhasmasura touched his head with his finger while imitating Mohini and turned to ash instantly.
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